أرشيف study4uae

Introduction:
Praise be to Allah, prayer and peace be upon His Messengers, Prophet Muhammad, prayers and best delivery ... The purer yet ...
I am pleased to extend this research entitled modest (Pearl of the Sea); to present a brief on the life (Ahmad Bin Majid), this famous navigator, which has spread his name in the Levant and Morocco.
In fact, writing about the life of the navigator does not Tsaha books and folders, but I wanted to make a quick excerpt from the aspects of the life of the famous navigator, which was characterized by his love of the sea since childhood, and the tendency to adventure, conflict and strong waves of the sea, in addition to the innovations and inventions made by the particular with regard to the knowledge of the sea, in addition to the many works of poetry and Aloragiz famous successor, and has become an essential reference for those who wanted to write about the sea.
Search and divide into three main sections, each section is divided into other sub-headings, and these sections will be as follows:


Section I: the title (the son of Majid and his) touch on the date of the birth of Ibn Majid and place of birth, the place which is famous, and some inaccuracies that have been raised around it, and try to acquittal, which attributed to him to guide the Portuguese navigator Vasco da Gama to the port of Calcutta, India, which helped the Portuguese in their ambitions to dominate the Middle, and the great role played by His Highness Sheikh Sultan bin Mohammed Al Qasimi - Supreme Council Member and Ruler of Sharjah - in his book (a statement in the patent Alomagd historians Ibn Majid), which proved the innocence of research evidence the Arab navigator of the charge.
Part II: will be entitled (the efforts of Ibn Majid and its literary), and this research will clarify the most important books written by Ahmad ibn Majid, whether books or Oragiz poetry.
Section III: it would be entitled (the efforts of Ibn Majid and its scientific), he favors the left navigation of Ibn Majid, and then I'll show you some inventions invented, such as: the compass, the perfect machine; evidence of these inventions and finally explain the texts spoken by Ahmad ibn Majid on monsoons.

I pray to God - to Him - that Iovgueni in this research, and I thank all the sincere efforts that seek to clarify the facts, and to be proud of righteous men who raised regarding their country, and have for generations with beneficial .. And faithful to God Fletokl ..

Mohamed Maher quality




Section I: Ibn Majid and his life:

Ahmed Bin Majid and his birth:
Ibn Majid is Shahabuddin Ahmed bin Majid bin Mohammed bin Fadl ibn Amr ibn al-Dweik, Ben Youssef ibn Hasan ibn Husayn ibn Abi al-Sa'di commentator ibn Abi Alrcaib Najdi, the seas and the sea world of scientists and astronomy and Muslims lived in the second half of the ninth century AH, and early the tenth century, has been overlooked most of the Arab sources said that the Arab navigator and the date of his life, he spoke about himself in his books and know that the origin of which is due to find in the middle of the Arabian Peninsula (1).
One of his titles: (Reims), and (teacher) and (captain), but that his contemporaries refer to as (Sea Lion) and (Leith Allyot) and (son of master brane) any pre-Arab and pre-Ajam.

As for the birth, it is likely that he was born in 840 AH in Julfar of the Arabian Gulf, Ras Al Khaimah is the United Arab Emirates ... members of a family known for leading the sea and love of travel and navigation, suspending his heart since childhood Sea (2).

Ibn Majid status:
Ibn Majid was looming on the horizon ... Levant illuminate previously unknown seas and oceans was available its experience and expertise of a personal flying in the sky of knowledge and emerged in the field of invention, innovation and free.
And here we fly with a personal example that they gave an example in conduct and high character, as Ahmad ibn Majid, who briefed the world on a number of books and has had long experience in maritime navigation before you give us a scientific outcome in more than thirty-five Orjosp all interesting and useful.
Has been the name of Ahmad ibn Majid on the tongues of the sailors in the Gulf of Oman, Red Sea and Indian Ocean for many centuries after his death, so that Sir Richard Burton (Sir Richard Burton) mentioned in the book of the first steps in East Africa (First Foots tepsin Africa) that, as he sailed from Aden in 1854 Al-Fatihah followed by sailors before take-off in memory of the spirit of Sheikh Ahmed bin Majid (3).

His life:
Ibn Majid known for leading the sea and love of travel and navigation, suspending the sea since childhood, and acquired skills ancestors, and was able to experience thanks to the many and the capacity of Marine Sciences, the discovery of new methods in the art of navigation, using astronomy widely, in addition to the compass of water used to identify trends and tracks Navy, and spent most of his life a professor and guide shipping in the western Indian Ocean and Red Sea, was the reason for the fame and publicity frequency named science sea of flags at that time, and arrived at his news to the shores of Europe, with Spanish and Portugal are exploring new ways to reach to the east and India in especially by wrapping around the Cape of Good Hope, which was called (Cape storms) at the time.
This was a crucial period in the history of Egypt, where the collision of the Arab maritime influence European influence to the beginning of a new era ... the era of European supremacy hand, and the deterioration of Arab maritime activity on the other.
There is no fixed date for the death of Ahmad ibn Majid, but he thought had lived more than sixty years after he wrote his latest book, have complained in the last one of his poems the dire consequences of the presence of Portugal in the region, which indicates that it was aware of the danger Stjerh those controlling the position Arab Maritime (4).

Ibn Majid describes himself:
And Ibn Majid when he speaks about himself, and talk about (Alamaalmp) famous in the sea says: "Not that their experience with the limited understanding of not only ride the sea to the shore Seraf Makran, and walked ask about his family and all righteousness Iwrkhoun, was in their time of the famous Alamaalmp Abdul Aziz Bin Ahmed Al-Maghrabi, Moses Ben Maimon Alguendrani and Khalil, was in their time of Blood Lust famous Ahmed bin Mohammed bin Abdul Rahman ibn Abi al-Fadl ibn Abi Egyptian .. they take from every one of his righteousness, and sea and Iwrkhounh AUTHORS not experienced, understanding. "
It weighs the same right and says: "The end of the applicant in the beginning of the later time (later) The knowledge and Azmna Tolifam and Ogellna fate by saying,: I am a fourth three, and perhaps in the knowledge that Achteranah at sea, and one paper grade (settle) in the rhetoric and the health and Alvaidp and guide you on the road and significant ( in the sea lanes) more than others put him "(5).

Fallacies about Ahmed bin Majid:
- The Story of Ibn Majid guide to Vasco da Gama:
Unfortunately, many of the references dealt with the life of Ibn Majid is the obvious errors cite, for example, not limited to:

× Arabic sources indicate that Ahmed bin Majid happened to be in Malindi during the visit of Vasco da Gama, Portuguese navigator, and when he met him was impressed by his knowledge and courage in abundance, and asked him to be led in the first trip is across the ocean between Europe and India, and the scientific motivation is the key motivation to accept Ahmed bin Majid task which has opened new horizons in the history of the maritime world, which made him a legendary historical figure.
Has Fame Ahmed bin Majid in the West as a leader who gave aid to the commercial ports of Portugal in South India, the most important port (Calicut) and this incident has gained particular importance in the eyes of commentators easterners and westerners alike, as the access roads between East Africa and India to wrap around the head Good Hope is the key to control trade in these waters.

Some historians have argued especially those who relied on sources of Portuguese, the guide who led Vasco da Gama was not an Arab, but was an Indian Muslim, and given to the chapters as they say, are conducive to navigate between East Africa and the Red Sea area and southern India, on the other hand, however, This opinion does not stand up to the facts because we know that Ahmed bin Majid had full knowledge of the direct sea route between Alumblybar and the coast of Somalia, with the result that implies that the seafarers, the Arab Advisors were able to sail it already (6).

× historical sources agree that the Vasco da Gama after crossing the Cape of Good Hope delivered professionally in Malindi on the east coast of Africa, and search for evidence to guide him to India for lack of knowledge of the monsoon system in East Africa and Indian Ocean, has led to breaking down some of his ships .

The book known by the Portuguese in the tenth century AH / sixth century AD on behalf of Ibn Majid (Malimokana), a distortion of the Arab title, which means (teacher astronomer).

Was introduced by Vasco de Gama on Ibn Majid marine machinery used when the Portuguese, but the son of Majid was not surprised by it, but offered him the machines developed by the Marine Arabs, including musical Mrbaip triangular shape to measure the height of the sun, especially Polaris, as I see detailed maps of the Indian Ocean and East Laver Bellerophon and the Arabian Peninsula based on latitude and longitude, parallel, something that was known to Europeans at that time, all that surprised Vasco de Gama and increased his admiration for Navigational tutor decided to leave him immediately.

The impact that this incident and the consequences of this guidance is not what was envisaged under the Ibn Majid, accusing the Muslim historians various charges after it emerged the real intentions of Portugal in the east, and the disasters that have occurred because of them Muslims (7).

× says of the Muslim religion Alnehruali pole in his (lightning-Yamani): they continue to come up to know this sea to that person Delhm Maher has said Ahmed bin Majid, accompanied by a large Crusaders, and was said to him (Alomlnde) and tenth in sugar Flmh on the road in the event drunk, and told them not come near the coast of that place, and penetrated into the sea and then go back there Tnalkm waves, and when did it become safe from a lot of sugar boats, Vktheroa in the Sea of India (8).

× But what about the character of Alnehruali Ibn Majid must be taken with great caution, it appears that Ibn Majid was a pious man, especially a man and a contemporary of the risks and perils in the sea, it must be his heart was always with God Almighty, we see in his writings deeply religious spirit such as saying: "It should be a teacher - means the ship's captain or commander - that is just pious resident does not oppress anyone to obey God, vomited right to prevent it Almighty God."
In addition, it is unlikely that true Vasco da Gama barren man in the wine, which was submitted on something unknown for him afraid of risks, but wiser to take the words of a world of intelligent self-confident has been documented by Vasco de Gama.

Likely to be the son of Majid has consented to guide the fleet of Vasco de Gama to India after he was tasked by the King of Malindi and thus considered that Ibn Majid in his honor, and the political disintegration that struck the Muslims at that time helped the Portuguese in the implementation of their goals often can not be to blame one person is the son of Majid.

Whatever the matter has remained Vasco da Gama in Calicut three months of talks and exchange of gifts with the Governor of gaps, and showed him the goodwill and desire for trade only (9).

After all, the story of Ibn Majid and Vasco da Gama came to criticism, many studies have demonstrated that some of Ibn Majid was the sea, Del Vasco de Gama the route to India.

× in a dictionary (upholstered in language, flags): Ibn Majid (Ahmad) (T after 1498): the sea and a leading Arab said he had accompanied Vasco da Gama to India (10).

× encyclopedia of knowledge: the Portuguese call (Almalnde) or (Almirante) and its meaning: The Prince of the sea, and ship Vasco Dejamma side of the story of the Arabian Sea World, which was hired by Vasco Dejamma, in his famous trip around the Cape of Good Hope to India.

In the manuscripts of the Oriental Institute (Blenningrad), a manuscript written by Ibn Majid Arab poetry in three chapters, describing the various methods of navigation through the Red Sea and Indian Ocean, at the end of the fifteenth century and the beginning of the sixteenth century, this manuscript is the navigator as a guide in the Sea , and the right were it not for Ibn Majid what the Portuguese could cross the Indian Ocean to the magnitude of waves and the intensity especially during the season winds blowing south-westerly wind rain.

And continue to explain the story of the free wrapping around the Cape of Good Hope, saying that the West African coast was unknown to Europeans, it was surrounded by fears and delusions, and the Europeans believe that the ships to get there no longer ...

In 1486 Portugal sent a mission to India, via Egypt, on the way back stop, a leader of the mission of the Sea (Kovilham) in the fall of the south island of the Arabian Peninsula, and there met the seas Arab Ibn Majid, who heard of Moon Island, the island of Madagascar - Today -- When he arrived in Cairo quickly sent a letter to the king of Portugal, urges him to send a mission to Cruising around Africa and reach the island of the moon, and offered help Ibn Majid, and in 1498 Vasco Dejamma completed the trip successfully with the help of Ibn Majid, as we have (11).

× Unfortunately, we find the Arabic language book for the second grade secondary repeats previous idea and says: It earned him international fame and broad guidance to the Portuguese navigator Vasco da Gama of the port (Malindi) in Kenya, and passing the sea without placing an obstacle or hardship, amounting to (Calicut) in India, under the guidance of Capt. Arab, Ibn Majid was sincere in his company of Portuguese explorers, but the traveler and his people took advantage of Portuguese geographical statements colonial purposes in the Gulf region, Ibn Majid was saddened by the record of this feeling in his books (12).

× repeated also in a history book for the first grade secondary education: In the town of Malindi, gave him an Arab ruler seas Maher is: Ahmed bin Majid guide him on the road to India, where they took him (Qaliqot) on the west coast of India, called the Coast (Almlbar) and there is a contract with the ruler trade agreements ... (13).

× encyclopedia geniuses Islam: Al-Vasco da Gama Ibn Majid accompany him in one of his travels, and he liked to call (they were) (14).

× in the book Rashid Bin Humaid Award for Culture and Science: likely to be the son of Majid has consented to guide the fleet of Vasco de Gama to India, after he was tasked by the King of Malindi so, considering that in his honor (15).

- Patent Ahmed bin Majid:

& Worth of His Highness Sheikh Sultan bin Mohammed Al Qassimi - Ruler of Sharjah - thanks and appreciation; to correct many of the malicious distortions of the history of the Arabs, and install many of the glories of science and the Arab enemies who hate attempted falsification, or a proportion of non-owners of Arab scholars who were the first to the manufacture of civilization and glory .

& The book (a statement in the patent Alomagd historians Ibn Majed) the best proof of this, as documented facts, and ended the problem of scientific, historical, cogent and skeptics who are convinced by what Orientalists without taking what he says fellow Arabs, which continues to cling to some professors of history to now what came out of ignorance and error in the book (pole-Din Ahmed Mohammed Alnehruali) - India-Arab origin - (Lightning Yamani in the Ottoman conquest), which was issued in about 1575 after the passage of eighty-three years since the voyage of Vasco da Gama to India.

& His Highness says under the title: Guide Algjrati: All the historians of the Portuguese in the sixteenth century, were unanimous that the Vasco da Gama had benefited from the help guide Gjrati when he sailed from East Africa to India in 1498 is the final stage of the famous journey from Portugal to India, which showed European powers to enter directly into the Indian Ocean and the Arabian Gulf (16).

& HH, and argued the testimony of historians from the West such as: Casta Nhida, and Barros, Faria IE Souza, Damiadi GOES.

& Cited the paragraph concerning the Supreme Leader, Prince Christian, as contained in the manuscript diary of the first flight Bvasco da Gama: On the following Sunday, which happened April 22 rose Secretary of the victorious King of the ship to board the vessel, and that no one had approached our ship during the previous two days was the commander arrested and sent to the king asking him to send agents who promised to send them to him, and soon after receipt of the letter King sent him a Christian guide, commander fired after it released a man of noble who had been detained in the ship, and we were very pleased Supreme Leader, King Christian sent us (17).

& Omar Ibn Majid, 75, upon the arrival of Vasco de Gama to the region, then no news after reaching its atheist and eighty, in 906 AH - in 1500 or that he has moved to the mercy of his Lord at the time attacked the Portuguese port of Aden and other islands.

& Did not visit the Ibn Majid Mlndp, did not enter a boat in his life and has nothing whatever her own Negro or Arab, how to meet the Bvasco da Gama? And where have news if they are not contacted at all.

& Did not mention any of the sources of contemporary Portuguese flights Vasco da Gama to take any Arab or Muslim in his travels all that came in the Portuguese sources refers to the name (kata) also said of the Portuguese (Casta Thida) printed in 1552, as well as of (Koech) printed in 1566 in his book on King Manuel then he hesitated the same name in the book (Baros) printed in 1777, which stated on page 38 of the book as saying: We accept them one (Maure) Kajarat of a name (they were) associated himself accompanied us to seek comfort and solace as much as was begging to satisfy the Governor Malindi, who was looking for the master instructs the Portuguese, who sailed with Dejamma year in 1498.

& Campaign acquitted Ibn Majid rolled in the last period in more than one occasion, such as scientific:

Ibn Majid Symposium & Expo in Lisbon in 1998 with the participation of a number of scientists and historians, the Portuguese and the presence of Sheikh Hamed bin Zayed Al Nahyan.

In a seminar & history of science among the Arabs in Latakia, under the auspices of the late President Hafez al-Assad and the presence of a number of scientists and historians, Arabs and foreigners, with the participation of Dr. Sankar valid and former Minister of Higher Education.

& As well as in the Amman conference in history, which was held under the auspices of Sultan Qaboos and the presence of a gathering of scientists and Mr. Faisal and Minister of National Heritage.


Section II: its literary and its effects:

Books by Ahmed bin Majid:
The writings of Ahmed bin Majid ... as arranged by Dr. Anwar Abdel-Alim (18) as follows:
1 - Bur Orjosp Arabs in the Gulf of Persia (100 houses).

2 - Orjosp in the apportionment of the great girls on Anjem coffin (221 Beta, composed in 900 AH).

3 - Orjosp in Alentkhat mainland Arabs (255 beta).

4 - Orjosp Mkhmsp (in the affairs of the sea, 17 beta).

5 - Alorjosp Localize (178 Beta) donated to the Gulf barbaric and corrected measure, draw the year 890 AH.

6 - eloquent in the measurement Suhail Alemramah (64 beta).

7 - T (55 beta, from Jeddah to Aden).

8 - Classification kiss of Islam in all the world, and called a masterpiece functioning judicial (295 beta draw in 893 AH).

9 - the shortcut in the container assets oceanography (1082 beta) draw the year 866 AH.

10 - Gold (193 Beta) in the broth and Almegzar.

11 - Seven-Year (307 Beta) in seven science sciences sea.

12 - tax Tax (192 Beta) in astrometry.

13 - several months turkeys (13 beta).

14 - high (57 beta) in the measurement of frog under Suhail.

15 - Rhyme (33 beta) in the measurement of famous stars.

16 - Ode Meccan (171 Beta - travel from Jeddah to the Indian Ocean).

17 - Treasure Alamaalmp in the science of unknowns in the sea (71 beta).

18 - Book of the benefits of the assets of the sea and aware of the benefits (in marine science).

19 - Book Mall (the Indian Ocean).

20 - Almagayp (Orjosp of 273 houses, sewage and describe the measurements from the mainland India to the shores of Ceylon and Nag Bari and Bar Alsyam and Malacca and Java, and what was on their way from the islands and peoples.

21 - Ambassalip (Orjosp of 807 sewer and beta describe measurements in Cancun, and millibars and Jurath Alotuah and authority and to the sword and the long coastline and Alnrij Alsval and land, and the moon, and so on.

22 - starboard radio (57 beta), in fact, melting Alaiouk.

23 - Guiding (155 beta) to measure the stars and Alentkhat and travel).

24 - Rare radio (57 beta, in fact, melting Alaiouk).

25 - chapters (and number 9, multiple placements).

This is not missing and books referred to in the book of interest.

The writings of Ibn Majid:
- Book Orjosp interest in the assets of the sea and aware of the rules:
Orjosp are aware of the benefits of the assets of the sea and the rules of the most important document we received in the geographic navigation of the Middle Ages at all (19), a leading books Ahmed bin Majid prose written in 14, and ensure that research on the origins of navigation and the stone houses of the magnet and the moon and the stars that correspond to sections of the magnetic needle Monday thirty (20), where he says "It is our inventions (science sea) installed on the ring magnet, a needle or compass house himself, and when we did not write a big word in the book (21).

He described some of the gaps in the Indian Ocean and China Sea and the stages of the western coast of India and the ten largest islands are famous (the Arabian Peninsula, the island of Comoros, and Zanzibar, the island of Bahrain ... etc.) and, after mention of the monsoon in the Indian Ocean Red Sea describes in detail; professionally and shades and Mkhorh visible and invisible.

This book also Dura Inath Ferran, written by Ahmad ibn Majid in eight years before the arrival of Vasco de Gama to the region, ie, when it reached the age of sixty years.

It should be noted, that Ibn Majid was taking a writing a book benefits that the sun on the edge of the palm, that is, the process of farewell: "be afraid of running out of death sentence and anecdotes to the heart" as he put it, is added to this sense of completion of the mission and belief that effort has been made in what is known , and those who come after him to do their research about what the authors qualified by him, such as al-Hamwi and Ibn Khaldun, Ibn Majid said: "This is a hidden account was signed I did not know it from looking" (22).

- It is a book of interest as well:

"You should have installed the required purity sea in the ship you a guest of guests of the Almighty not lose sight of the said," this in terms of introspective and attempt to analyze a man's personality than his line pen, but in terms of purely mental Ibn Majid, the sailor has experienced a flood of experience pathways Indian Ocean and the African Sahel, and the Portuguese invaders from any of the Christian Crusaders in the eyes of the people of that time, who is very conscious of that guidance by the Portuguese to India will certainly harm the people of his religion, is it reasonable to proceed in a status of Ibn Majid and altitude to the negligence would this door? (23).

- Some of the prose Ibn Majid:

Ahmed bin Majid interest in the book: "The reasons to ride the Sea (1) Vohmha the first of many homes and know Alokhanan (2) and the convent (3), spaces, and Albashiyat (4), measurement and signal (5) and solutions sun and moon, wind and season, as well as seasons of the sea (6 ), machinery and ship, and whatever will be needed and have to ride in, and we should know (you master) sighting (7) and Alistewaiyat (8) and at a meeting of measurement in every way (9) and (the master) to complete the collection machine in the ship, and inspect cargo in the arms (lumen) the ship and its men, and shipped an unusually (10) is not shared in the same boat not obeyed it, not without self-esteem of a compound, or in a narrow season (11) "(24).

Note: Everything between the brackets is the author of the book and commentator Omran Abu Hijleh.

(1) means easy to navigate.
(2) Alokhanan: trends.
(3) Abbey: land beaches of the country.
(4) Albashiyat: vertical measurements at the sailors.
(5) references: Have received, including the population of the master.
(6) seasons of the sea: times of storms.
(7) sighting: escape lanes, places, times of sunrise universe.
(8) Alistewaiyat: astronomical equinoxes.
(9) method was removed from the sea.
(10) is usually shipped: more than you can drive, and product devoted to the transfer.
(11) in a narrow season: In the limited time before the storm, the inevitable.

Section III: its scientific and its effects:

The Ibn Majid efforts of many scientific and effects which had done much later and guided the writing and the invention of his inventions was a compass and a perfect machine and other inventions that used by the Navy in the Arab sea, and played a major role in maritime navigation.

Ibn Majid Afzal on shipping:

Compass:
Etymology Italy, means the fund, and then widely used for needle magnets always moving towards the north, although the origin of the XXXXl in which it is developed that needle.
If we go back to the date of manufacture of the first (the Fund) for a needle in Italy and adopted by the European shipping them all, and use history (right) is the fund in Arabic and found Ibn Majid never half a century at least.













Conclusion

Thus, Ahmad ibn Majid, including carry with him the history must be to shed light on his life and its effects, is better than doing this are to be his fellow from the region who remain indebted to Ibn Majid wrote in their homes, and on the coast, and Bhoarham, science, and talent, including including Who's on the shore of the Arabian Gulf or the Gulf of Oman and the Indian Ocean, and the rest of East Africa, and those who remain and Cohae Jgeravihm Petra, said that did not depend on testimony of Ibn Majid.

This is a call to those who live on the same land where he grew up and Istzlon sky which was the same shade of Ibn Majid, who alerted the grandparents and cries of Ibn Majid and alerts to the threat posed to them from greedy in their property.

Therefore, I ask my brothers from the sons of the Arab Gulf Inthjawa approach to this great man, and look at his writings and books, and that the condition of anonymity in all their books and research with regard to the knowledge of the sea and they should know as much as Ibn Majid Verwawa by what right the injustice and charges, and proud of it, where The flare candle lit paths of the sea, while the West feared the sea and not aware of the little secrets which catches the Arabian Sea feat, and we have to address a fellow Nsthoudrh Yesterday:

The ignorant for he is my fate ...... Men will come after you know my fate

In conclusion, I wish I could be a prelude to research with other research by the sons of the nation ... ... and compromise but God



The Ministry of Education and Youth.









3 - d.



Ragab Mohamed Abd El Halim - Omani, navigation and trade - Library Science - Muscat - in 1979 - p. 89.

9 - d.






16 - d.













References:







Sultan bin Mohammed Al Qasimi - Statement by historians Alomagd a patent Ibn Majid.







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