السلسلة الغذائية FOOD chaine

[alli.2009]

Food chain








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Introduction

The food chains is show how plants, animals, and human
Are living together and what is there food

First the sun is the main producer of the pour.

Then plants need the sun's light to make there food

Animals eat meat from other animals or they eat the grass

Humans eat the cow, sheep or chickens.

Finally I know that sun and the plant important for the life. And we must thank the God for there givens>


The food chain comprises all living things and is a true reflection of their interdependence and the complex balance of life. If one animal's source of food disappears, such as from over-fishing or hunting, many other animals in the food chain are impacted and may die.
Breaking one link on the chain means all of the organisms above that link are in threat of extinction (like the domino effect). Since the food chain provides energy that all living things must have in order to survive, it is imperative that we protect it.



Why we need the food ?
Do you like to play games? If you do, you will need energy. Every time you run or jump, you are using up energy in your body. How do you get the energy to play? You get energy from the food you eat. Similarly, all living things get energy from their food so that they can move and grow. As food passes
through the body, some of it is digested. This process of digestion releases energy.

All about food chain

The food chain consists of four main parts:
· Sun -- The sun is the source of energy for all activities on the earth.
· Producers -- This includes all plants, which harness the energy of the sun and make their own food.
· Consumers - These include all organisms that cannot manufacture their own food and eat food manufactured by something else. While herbivores are primary consumers and the second largest biomass in an ecosystem, carnivores or animals that eat the herbivores make up the third largest biomass, and are also known as secondary consumers. Consumers include
herbivores --animals that eat plants.
carnivores -- animals that eat other animals.
parasites --animals that live off of other organisms by harming it.
scavengers -- animals that eat dead animal carcasses.
Decomposers: These mainly comprise bacteria and fungi that convert dead matter into gases such as carbon and nitrogen to be released back into the air, soil, or water. Without decomposers, the earth would be covered in trash. Decomposers also recycle the nutrients so that it can be used again by producers.
XXXX the sea and the land have a complex food chain.
On Sea

All sea creatures rely on other sea creatures for food. At the bottom of the food chain here are the sea plants, krill and plankton. These are eaten by many types of fish and animals such as the snail, shrimp, jellyfish, and sea star. These small animals and fish in turn become food for larger fish, such as the tuna and mackerel, which are then eaten by larger fish and animals, such as the shark and dolphin. Sharks are much needed to maintain the balance of the marine ecosystem. However, they are killed for food and other things.


















What's the kelp?
Kelp is a plant that does eat anything else. Mackerel is a fish that eats shrimps , squids , and small fish such as anchovies . The actopus eats shrimps , crabs , snails , fish and sometimes even turtles . The killer whale eats fish , squids , seals and sea lions . Red algae is a type of seaweed and it doesn't eat anything . krills are ting shrimps that eat plankton , squids , fish , shrimps . Tuna eats fish in clnding mackerel . Anchovies are small fish that eat planktons


Marine Food Web

Plants and animals must have organic carbon to survive. Organic carbon has high-energy chemical bonds which are broken to provide XXXXbolic energy. For example, humans eat organic carbon in the form of green beans and chicken, but we couldn't survive if we only had diamonds to eat. Diamonds are made from carbon, but it is the wrong kind - inorganic carbon. Just like humans, plants and animals in the ocean require organic carbon.
How do they get it? There are only two ways. They either produce their own or make use of organic carbon produced by others. Species that make their own organic carbon are called "primary producers". They are the base of the marine food web because all other species depend on their productivity either directly or indirectly to survive. In most parts of the ocean, primary producers are marine plants, typically algae. These are the phytoplankton (phyto = plant; plankton = floating). They live in the sunlit portions of the ocean and use energy from the sun to convert inorganic carbon into organic carbon.




On Land

On the land plants or bugs are eaten by smaller animals who in turn are eaten by larger animals. At the top of the food chain on land are humans who eat many of the plants and animals on earth. A break in the food chain can impact everyone, humans also. To understand the food chain in the wild, take the example of the zebra and the grass. The zebra eats the grass. Larger predators like the lion eat the zebra.
Do you know why there are more herbivores than carnivores?

In a food chain, energy is passed from one link to another. When a herbivore eats, only a fraction of the energy (that it gets from the plant food) becomes new body mass; the rest of the energy is lost as waste or used up by the herbivore to carry out its life processes (e.g., movement, digestion, reproduction). Therefore, when the herbivore is eaten by a carnivore, it passes only a small amount of total energy (that it has received) to the carnivore. Of the energy transferred from the herbivore to the carnivore, some energy will be "wasted" or "used up" by the carnivore. The carnivore then has to eat many herbivores to get enough energy to grow.

Because of the large amount of energy that is lost at each link, the amount of energy that is transferred gets lesser and lesser



Food chain and the environment

Air Pollution

Human activity cause air pollution and lead to global warming. Apart from increasing the sea levels, rise in earth’s temperatures can cause other alterations in the ecology, including modifying the quantity and pattern of rainfall -- which can have its own ramification on the food chain.
Lower agricultural outputs, glacier melting, lesser summer stream flows, genus extinctions and rise in the ranges of disease vectors are likely to be the other consequences. Global warming has already made species like golden toad, harlequin frog of Costa Rica extinct and a number of species are threatened with extinction.
The rise of carbon dioxide emissions and the resultant climate warming from the burning of fossil fuels are making oceans warmer and more acidic which in tuen are damaging coral reefs, the world's most diverse marine ecosystem.
Plastic pollution

The plastic pollution is not just a cause of alarm because it is not biodegradable but it is also making its way into the food chain. Its obvious victims include dead seabirds that have been found on shores, their stomachs full of small plastic items such as bottled water caps, cigarette lighters, tampon applicators, and colored scraps that, to a foraging bird, resemble baitfish. These small plastic waste items are not just affecting sea birds but the entire marine foodchain from whales down to zooplankton. There is a growing and disturbing proof that we are ingesting plastic toxins constantly, and that even slight doses of these substances can severely disrupt gene activity.

Hunting

By hunting animals nearly to extinction, everything above the animal in the food chain is put in danger. A 'chain reaction' in the food chain can be perilous!

Overfishing

As overfishing depletes prized species like tuna, cod and swordfish, commercial fishermen are moving farther down oceanic food webs in search of a catch, it has been observed. If this quest is pursued to its logical end, scientists warn, it will lead to a wholesale collapse of marine ecosystems.
A team of Canadian and American scientists say that the overfishing of large sharks has led to an explosion of small predators that are devastating populations of XXXXlfish.
The steep drop in shark numbers along the U.S. Atlantic coast since 1970 has caused an increase in 12 of 13 species - rays, skates, and smaller sharks eaten mainly by large sharks.
The abundance of one of these species, the cownose ray, has increased 20 times and its prey - scallops, clams, oysters, and other XXXXlfish - have been reduced. The loss of scallops has reduced water quality because scallops and other XXXXlfish filter sea water. And the cownose ray is now feeding voraciously on other XXXXlfish, like oysters and clams.
Overfishing occurs when fish are caught faster than they can reproduce. Many marine scientists now believe that overfishing is the biggest human impact on the world's oceans. A recent study in the prestigious journal Science showed that overfishing makes ocean ecosystems more vulnerable to harm from other human impacts like pollution.
Evidence of overfishing abounds throughout U.S. waters, including the near-disappearance of fish that were once abundant, and the shrinking sizes of average-sized fish. Today, many fish are caught before they are old enough to reproduce.
Overfishing probably contributes to declines of marine birds and mammals by reducing their food supplies. Depletion of fish populations is actually an accepted goal for most fishery managers. Fishermen are encouraged to achieve maximum exploitation by "fishing down" populations to about half their original size. Such goals ignore the role of fish as an integral part of marine food webs.
Numbers of Organisms:

In any food web, energy is lost each time one organism eats another. Because of this, there have to be many more plants than there are plant-eaters. There are more autotrophs than heterotrophs, and more plant-eaters than meat-eaters. Although there is intense competition between animals, there is also an interdependence. When one species goes extinct, it can affect an entire chain of other species and have unpredictable consequences.
Equilibrium
As the number of carnivores in a community increases, they eat more and more of the herbivores, decreasing the herbivore population. It then becomes harder and harder for the carnivores to find herbivores to eat, and the population of carnivores decreases. In this way, the carnivores and herbivores stay in a relatively stable equilibrium, each limiting the other's population. A similar equilibrium exists between plants and plant-eaters

90 degrees

An iceberg more than four times the size of Greater London is damaging marine wildlife off the coast of Antarctica by blocking sunlight to a huge expanse of ocean, It has created a build-up of sea ice that has killed the tiny marine phytoplankton - a key element in the Antarctic food chain.
Phytoplankton turns sunlight into food for smaller marine life, notably the shrimp-like krill which is an important source of food for fish, which are in turn eaten by seals and penguins. Sea ice stops sunlight getting to the shallower depths of the sea where phytoplankton grow. The result is that the C-19 iceberg has created the XXXXXalent of a desert.
Copper Bytes

One sea animal dissected by Dutch researchers contained 1,603 pieces of plastics.
One symptom of this practice of fishing down the food chain is that second-level creatures normally preyed upon by the fish at the top of the chain are increasingly appearing on restaurant menus.
An iceberg more than four times the size of Greater London is damaging marine wildlife off the coast of Antarctica by blocking sunlight to a huge expanse of ocean. This build-up of sea ice has killed the tiny marine phytoplankton - a key element in the Antarctic food chain.
Human activity is currently responsible for emitting 30 million tons of CO₂ each year, 12 million tons of which accumulate in the atmosphere.



Ring


Finally we find from this food chain that all animals are connecting with each other, and if one from this creature die out ,it will make a Dangerous effect in all creature in the food

and we find that all food chain in this world live by the jungle rules and it is the stronger eat the weaker

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جزااااك الله ألف خير

[سحابة الشووق]

thanks a lot for your great effort
and best of luck

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