In introduction: Transport or transportation is the movement ofpeople and goods from one place to another. The term is derived from the LatinTrans ("across") and portage ("to carry"). Industries which have the business ofproviding equipment, actual transport, transport of people or goods and servicesused in transport of goods or people make up a large broad and important sectorof most national economies, and are collectively referred to as transportindustries. History of transport the history of transport evolved with thedevelopment of human culture. Long distance walking tracks developed as traderoutes in Paleolithic times. For most of human history the only forms oftransport apart from walking were or transport in small boats. Road transportthe first earth tracks were created by humans carrying goods and often followedgame trails. Tracks would be naturally created at points of high trafficdensity. As animals were domesticated, horses, oxen and donkeys became anelement in track-creation. With the growth of trade, tracks were often flattenedor widened to accommodate animal traffic. Later, the travois, a frame used todrag loads, was developed. Animal-drawn wheeled vehicles probably developed inSumer in the Ancient Near East in the 4th or 5th millennium BC and spread toEurope and India in the 4th millennium BC and China in about 1200 BC. The Romanshad a significant need for good roads to extend and maintain their empire anddeveloped Roman roads. In the Industrial Revolution, John Loudon McMillan (1756-1836) designed the first modern highways, using inexpensive pavingmaterial of soil and stone aggregate (macadam), and he embanked roads a few feethigher than the surrounding terrain to cause water to drain away from thesurface. With the development of motor transport there was an increased need forhard-topped roads to reduce wash ways, bogging and dust on XXXX urban and ruralroads, originally using cobblestones and wooden paving in major western citiesand in the early 20th century tar-bound macadam (tarmac) and concrete pavingwere extended into the countryside.
The modern history of road transport alsoinvolves the development of new vehicles such as new models of horse-drawnvehicles, bicycles, motor cars, motor trucks and electricvehicles.
Maritime transport
In the Stone Age primitive boatsdeveloped to permit navigation of rivers and for fishing in rivers and off thecoast. It has been argued that boats suitable for a significant sea crossingwere necessary for people to reach Australiaan estimated 40,000-45,000 yearsago. With the development of civilization, bigger vessels were developed XXXXfor trade and war. In the Mediterranean, galleys were developed about 3,000 BC. Galleys were eventually rendered obsolete by ocean-going sailing ships, such asthe man-of-war, in the late 15th century. In the industrial revolution, firststeam ships and later diesel- powered ships were developed. Eventuallysubmarines were developed mainly for military purposes. Meanwhile specializedcraft were developed for river and canal transport. Canals were developed inMesopotamia circa 4000 BC. The Indus Valley Civilization in Pakistan and NorthIndia (from circa 2600 BC) had the first canal irrigation system in the world. [1] The longest canal of ancient times was the Grand Canal of China. It is 1794kilometers (1115 miles) long and was built to carry the Emperor Yang Gangbetween Beijing and Hangzhou. The project began in 605, although the oldestsections of the canal may have existed since circa 486 BC. Canals were developedin The Middle Ages in Europe in Venice and the Netherlands. Pierre-Paul Racquetbegan to organize the construction of the 240 km-long Canal du Midi in France in 1665 and it was opened in 1681. In the Industrial Revolution, inland canals werebuilt in England and later the United States before the development of railways. Specialized craft were also developed for fishing and later whaling. After thateveryone walked Maritime history also deals with the development of navigation, oceanography, cartography and hydrograph.
Rail transport:
The historyof rail transport dates back nearly 500 years, and include systems with man orhorse power and rails of wood (or occasionally stone). This was usually formoving coal from the mine down to a river, from where it could continue by boat, with a flanged wheel running on a rail. The use of cast iron plates as railsbegan in the 1760s, and was followed by systems (plate ways) where the flangewas part of the rail. However, with the introduction of rolled wrought ironrails, these became obsolete.
Modern rail transport systems first appeared inEngland in the 1820s. These systems, which made use of the steam locomotive, were the first XXXXXXXXX form of mechanized land transport, and they remainedthe primary form of mechanized land transport for the next 100 years.
Thehistory of rail transport also includes the history of rapid transit andarguably monorail history.
Aviation
Humanity's desire to fly likelydates to the first time man observed birds; an observation illustrated in thelegendary story of Daedal us and Cirrus. Much of the focus of early research wason imitating birds, but through trial and error, balloons, airships, gliders andeventually aircraft and other types of flying machines were invented. The firstgenerally recognized human flight took place in Paris in 1783. Jean-FrançoisPilate de Rosier and Francois d ' Arlandes went 5 miles (8 km) in a hot airballoon invented by the Montgolfier brothers.
The Wright brothers made thefirst sustained, controlled and powered heavier-than-air flight on December 17, 1903.
Conclusion:
Spaceflight
The realistic dream of spaceflightdated back to Konstantin Tsiolkovsky, however Tsiolkovsky wrote in Russian, andthis was not widely influential outside Russia. Spaceflight became anengineering possibility with the work of Robert H. Goddard's publication in 1919of his paper 'A Method of Reaching Extreme Altitudes'; where his application ofthe de Laval nozzle to liquid fuelled rockets gave sufficient power thatinterplanetary travel became possible. This paper was highly influential onHermann Eberth and Werner Von Braun, later key players in spaceflight.
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