Unit : 1 surviving homework
Surviving : to continue to live or exist, in or after a difficult or dangerous situation .
يبقى على قيد الحياة
Rather : adv quite; to some extent
It was a rather nice present.
It was rather a nice present.
No, I didn't fail the exam, in fact I did rather well.
I'm afraid I owe her rather a lot of money.
He spoke rather too quickly for me to understand.
It's rather a pity that you can't come tomorrow.
I was rather hoping that you'd be free on Friday.
نوعاً ما،إلى حدّ ما

or rather a way of correcting sth you have said, or making it more exact
She lives in London, or rather she lives in a suburb of London.
وبالأحرى

rather than in the place of; instead of
I think I'll just have a sandwich rather than a full meal.
بدلا من

would rather… (than) would prefer to
‘How old are you?’ ‘I'd rather not say.’
I would rather go to the cinema than watch television.
يفضِّل

Concentrate : verb
1 concentrate (sth) (on sth/doing sth) to give all your attention or effort to sth
How can you concentrate on your work with so much noise going on?
It is important to concentrate on the road when you are driving.
I tried to concentrate my thoughts on the problem.
يركز على

2 to come together or to bring people or things together in one place
The general concentrated most of his tanks on the border.
يحشِد ، يركِّز
assignment noun
a job or type of work that you are given to do
Kate is on an assignment for the BBC.
to give pupils an assignment to do during the holidays
معيّنة مُهِمّة; وظيفة



avoid verb
1 avoid (doing sth) to prevent sth happening or try not to do sth
It was so dark that we managed to avoid being seen.
She has to avoid eating fatty food (= she must make an effort not to eat it).
يتفادى ؛يمتنع عن
2 to keep away from (sb/sth)
I leave home at 7 o'clock in order to avoid the rush hour.
Jane is trying to avoid him at the moment. يتجنّب

avoidable adj that can be prevented; unnecessary
We have been asked to cut down on any avoidable expense.
يمكن تجنّبه ؛غير ضروري
Note : The opposite is unavoidable.
avoidance :noun تجنّب
motivate verb
1 to cause sb to act in a particular way
Her reaction was motivated by fear.
The attack was politically motivated.
يدفع إلى ،يبعث على

2 to make sb want to do sth (by making it interesting)
Our new teacher certainly knows how to motivate his classes.
يُحَمِّس،يثير اهتمامه

motivated adj highly motivated students
متحمِّس،عنده دافع قويّ للعمل


motivation noun the need or reason for doing sth; a feeling of interest in doing sth
I'm suffering from a lack of motivation. My new job is really boring.
باعث نفسيّ ،اهتمام
progress noun
1 movement forwards or towards achieving sth
The heavy traffic meant that we made very slow progress.
Anna's making steady progress at school.
The talks have made very little progress towards solving the problem.
a progress report
تقدُّم
2 change or improvement in society
scientific progress
تقدّم أو تطوّر

in progress happening
Silence! Examination in progress.
جارٍ الآن
progress verb
1 to become better; to develop (well)
Medical knowledge has progressed rapidly in the last twenty years.
يتقدّم،يتطوّر
2 to move forward; to continue
I got more and more tired as the evening progressed.
يسير،يتقدم؛يطول

pleasant adj
pleasantly adv nice, enjoyable or friendly
It must be pleasant to live in such a peaceful place.
My father's never very pleasant to my boyfriends.
Note : The opposite is unpleasant.
سارّ،مُحبَّب،لطيف



typical adj
typical (of sb/sth) having or showing the usual qualities of a particular person, thing or type
a typical Italian village
There's no such thing as a typical American (= they are all different).
It was absolutely typical of him not to reply to my letter.
نموذجي؛معهود

typically adv
1 in a typical case
Typically, it is the girls who offer to help, not the boys.
عادةً،من المعهود
2 in a typical manner
typically British
على نحو نموذجي
motivate verb
1 to cause sb to act in a particular way
Her reaction was motivated by fear.
The attack was politically motivated.
يدفع إلى ،يبعث على
2 to make sb want to do sth (by making it interesting)
Our new teacher certainly knows how to motivate his classes.
يُحَمِّس،يثير اهتمامه
motivated adj highly motivated students
متحمِّس،عنده دافع قويّ للعمل


motivation noun the need or reason for doing sth; a feeling of interest in doing sth
I'm suffering from a lack of motivation. My new job is really boring.
باعث نفسيّ ،اهتمام
adjust verb
1 to change sth slightly, especially because it is not in the right position
There's something wrong with the brakes on the car – they need adjusting.
The figures have been adjusted to take account of inflation.
يعدِّل ،يضبِط
2 [I] adjust (to sth) to get used to new conditions or a new situation
She found it hard to adjust to working at night.
يتأقلم مع ،يتعوَّد على
adjustable adj that can be adjusted
an adjustable mirror
قابل للتعديل أو الضبط

adjustment noun
تعديل ؛تأقلم
hint noun
1 something that you suggest in an indirect way
She kept looking at her watch as a hint that it was time to go.
تلميح
2 a small amount of sth
There was a hint of sadness in his voice.
مقدار ضئيل ،أثر ؛مَسحة
3 a piece of advice or information
The magazine had some helpful hints about how to make your own clothes.
نصيحة ،إرشادات
hint verb to suggest sth in an indirect way
They only hinted at their great disappointment.
He hinted that he might be moving to Greece.
يُلمِّح
pace1 noun
1 the distance that you move when you take one step
Take two paces forward and then stop.
خطوة
2 the speed at which you do sth or at which sth happens
Run at a steady pace and you won't get tired so quickly.
I can't stand the pace of life in London.
سرعة
keep pace (with sb/sth) to move or do sth at the same speed as sb/sth else; to change as quickly as sth else is changing
Wages are not keeping pace with inflation.
يُماشي،يُساير،يُجاري


set the pace to move or do sth at the speed that others must follow
يحدّد سرعة (العمل)،يقود الآخرين (بسرعة معيّنة)

frame of mind a particular state or condition of your feelings; mood
I'm not in the right frame of mind for a party. I'd prefer to be on my own.
مِزاج

tough adj
1 not easily broken or cut; very strong
tough boots
tough plastic
متين،صُلْب
2 not easily weakened by pain or difficulty; very strong
You need to be tough to go climbing in winter.
صلب العود،قوي
3 difficult to cut and eat
This meat is tough.
قاسٍ
4 strict; firm
The government is introducing tough new laws about drinking and driving.
حازم
5 difficult
It will be a tough decision to make.
He's had a very tough time recently.
صعب
6 tough (on sb) (informal) unfortunate; bad luck
That's tough!
It's tough that she was ill just before she went on holiday.
سوء طالع؛لسوء حظّه

toughen verb
toughen (sb/sth) up to become tough; to make sb/sth tough
يقسو؛يُمتِّن

toughness noun
قسوة،متانة
plenty pron
as much or as many as you need; a lot
‘Shall I get some more coffee?’ ‘No, we've still got plenty.’
Make sure you take plenty of warm clothes with you.
There's still plenty of time to get there.
Have you brought plenty to drink?
ما فيه الكفاية؛كثير من…


plenty adv
1 (before more) a lot
There's plenty more ice cream.
أكثر بكثير
2 (with big, long, tall, etc. followed by enough):
‘This shirt's too small.’ ‘Well, it looks plenty big enough to me.’
كفايةً؛بما فيه الكفاية

sole adj (only before a noun)
1 only; single
His sole interest is football.
وحيد
2 belonging to one person only; not shared
Do you have sole responsibility for the accounts?
فرديّ ،مقصور على شخص واحد
solely adv only
I agreed to come solely on account of your mother.
فقط ،لمجرَّد

stare verb
stare (at sb/sth) to look at sb or sth continuously for a long time because you are interested, surprised, etc
Everybody stared at his hat.
He didn't reply, he just stared into the distance.
يحملق،يُحدِّق
to have a block (about sth) to be unable to think or understand sth properly
I had a complete mental block. I just couldn't remember his name.
ينشلّ تفكيره

Due adj
1 (not before a noun) expected or planned to happen or arrive
The conference is due to start in four weeks' time.
What time is the plane due?
متوقَّع
2 (not before a noun) having to be paid
The rent is due on the fifteenth of each month.

مستحِقّ (الدفع)


3 that is owed to you because it is your right to have it
Make sure you claim all the benefits that are due to you.
مستحقّ

4 due to sb/sth caused by or because of sb/sth
His illness is probably due to stress.
ناتج عن؛ بسبب

Note :
Some careful speakers only use due to after the verb to be
The strike was due to poor working conditions.
However, due to is often used in the same way as owing to and because of
Due to/owing to/because of the bad weather many trains have been cancelled.

5 due for sth deserving or expecting to have sth
I think that I'm due for a pay rise.
مستحِق لِ،متوقِّع
6 (only before a noun) (formal) suitable or right
After due consideration I have decided to accept your offer.
ملائم ؛صحيح
in due course at some time in the future, quite soon
All applicants will be informed of our decision in due course.
قريباً ،في الوقت المناسب

segment noun a section or part of sth
a segment of a circle
do it in one hour segments with breaks in between .
قطعة ،قسم

suggestion noun
1 a plan or idea that sb proposes or suggests
May I make a suggestion?
اقتراح

2 putting an idea into a person's mind; giving advice about what to do
I came here at my friend's suggestion.
إيعاز؛نصيحة

3 a small amount or sign of sth
He spoke with a suggestion of a Scottish accent.
أثر ضئيل،شيء من

reduce verb 1 to make sth less
The sign said ‘Reduce speed now’.
Doctors have advised us to reduce the amount of fat in our diets.
Note : The opposite is increase.
يُخفِّف،يُقلِّل

attain verb to succeed in getting or achieving sth, especially after great effort
to attain a goal
ينال ،يحصُل على
attainable adj that can be attained
ممكن تحقيقه
attainment noun
1 the act of achieving sth
the attainment of the government's objectives
تحقيق ،إحراز
2 a skill or achievement
students with few academic attainments
إنجاز ؛مهارة ،موهبة
instance noun an example or case (of sth)
There have been several instances of racial attacks in the area.
In most instances the drug has no side effects.
حالة
for instance for example
There are several interesting places to visit around here – Dorchester, for instance.
مِثال ؛مَثَلاً
assume verb to accept or believe that sth is true even though you have no proof; to expect sth to be true
I assume that you have the necessary documents.
يفترض ؛يفرِض
either det, pron
1 one or the other of two; it does not matter which
There's cake or ice cream. You can have either.
You can ask either of us for advice.
Either of us is willing to help.
أيّ (منهما)
2 XXXX
It is a pleasant road, with trees on either side.
كِلا
either conj
either … or … (used when you are giving a choice, usually of two things)
You can have the car in either black or blue.
Either you leave or I do.
You can either write or phone.
إمّا هذا أو ذاك

either adv
1 (used after two negative statements) also
I don't like Pat and I don't like Nick much either.
‘I can't remember his name.’ ‘I can't either.’
We can also say neither can I.
وَلا..
2 (used for emphasizing a negative statement)
The restaurant is quite good. And it's not expensive either.
كما أنّه ليس

distraction noun something that takes your attention away from what you were doing or thinking about .
I find it hard to work at home because there are so many distractions.
إلهاء ،تلهية ؛مُلهية
procrastinate verb to keep delaying something that must be done, often because it is unpleasant or boring:
I know I've got to deal with the problem at some point - I'm just procrastinating. المماطلة
ought to before vowels and in final position modal verb
(negative ought not to; short form oughtn't to before vowels and in final position

1 (used for asking for and giving advice about what to do)
What ought I to say to him?
You ought to read this book. It's really interesting.
You ought to have come to the meeting. It was very useful.

ينبغي أن،يَحسُن أن

2 (used for telling sb what his/her duty is)
You ought to visit your parents more often.
She oughtn't to make private phone calls in work time.
I ought to have helped. I'm sorry.
He oughtn't to have been driving so fast.

يجب أن،عليك أن

3 (used for saying that you expect sth is true, or that you expect sth to happen/to have happened)
She ought to pass her test.
They ought to be here by now. They left at six.
I bought six loaves of bread. That ought to have been enough.

يُتوقَّع؛كان من المتوقَّع،كان من اللازم

absorb verb to take sth into the mind and understand it .
I found it impossible to absorb so much information so quickly.
يستوعب ،يفهم

reinforce verb to make sth stronger
Concrete can be reinforced by putting steel bars inside it.
evidence to reinforce her argument
يُقوّي ،يدعم ،يعزّز
reinforcement noun the act of supporting or strengthening sth
The sea wall is weak in places and needs reinforcement.
تقوية ،تدعيم ،تعزيز
priority noun (pl. priorities)
1 priority (over sb/sth) the state of being more important than sb/sth or of coming before sb/sth else
Families with small children will be given priority.
Emergency cases take priority over other patients in hospital.
On roundabouts in Britain traffic coming from the right has priority.
حقّ الأفضليّة،أولويّة
2 something that is most important or that you must do before anything else
Our top priority is to get food and water to the refugee camps.
You must decide what your priorities are.
الشيء الأهمّ،الأمر ذو الأولويّة
tackle verb to deal boldly with sth difficult .
The government must tackle the problem of rising unemployment.
Firefighters were brought in to tackle the blaze.
يعالج؛يعارك
urge verb
1 to try hard to persuade sb to do sth
I urged him to fight the decision.
يحثّ
2 to advise strongly, especially that sth is necessary
Drivers are urged to take care on icy roads.
ينصح
3 to force or drive sb/sth in a certain direction
He urged his horse over the fence.
يدفع (بقوة)
urge sb on to encourage sb
The captain urged his team on.
يشجّع،يحفِز
urge noun a strong need or desire
nothing urges
دافع
rush verb
1 to go or come very quickly
Don't rush – take your time.
The children rushed out of school.
I rushed back home when I got the news.
Don't rush off – I want to talk to you.
يندفع ،يسرع

2 rush to do sth to do sth without delay
The public rushed to buy shares in the new company.
يسرع
3 to take sb/sth to a place very quickly
He suffered a heart attack and was rushed to hospital.
ينقل بسرعة
4 rush (sb) (into sth/into doing sth) to do sth in a hurry or without enough thought; to make sb act in this way
I'm afraid that we rushed into buying the house – it was a mistake.
Don't rush your food – there's plenty of time.
Don't let yourself be rushed into marriage.
يتسرَّع ؛يحثّه على الإسراع

cram verb
(cramming; crammed)
1 to push people or things into a small space
I managed to cram all my clothes into the bag but I couldn't zip it up.
يحشو ،يحشِر ،يحشِك
2 to move, with a lot of other people, into a small space
He only had a small car but they all managed to cram in.

ينحشر ،ينحشك
3 to study very hard and learn a lot in a short time before an examination
She's cramming for her exams.
ينكبّ على الدراسة قبل الامتحان
crammed adj very or too full
That book is crammed with useful information.
ممتلئ،مكتظّ
Ace ( informal ) 1 to get the best grade possible on a test or assignment .
(slang) I don't need to know how to cram for tests.I'll ace this one !!
(without slang) I don't need to know how to learn a lot of information quickly . I'll get a perfect score on this test !
2 (noun) (in tennis) a serve (the first stroke of a game) that is so good that the person playing against you cannot hit it back
(في التنس): ضربة أولى لا تُردّ
slang noun very informal words and expressions that are more common in spoken language. Some slang is not polite
‘Phat’ is a slang word for ‘good’.
لغة عاميّة

supper noun the last meal of the day, either a XXXXXd meal in the evening or a small meal that you eat quite late, not long before you go to bed
(dinner.)
عَشاء


retain verb (formal) to keep or continue to have; not to lose
Despite all her problems, she has managed to retain a sense of humour.
The noun is retention.
يحتفظ بِ،يستبقي
Pile noun
1 a number of things lying on top of one another, or an amount of sth that is in a large mass
He always left his books in a neat pile.
A pile may be tidy or untidy. A heap is untidy.
كومة،كدسة
2 (often plural) (informal) a lot of sth
I've got piles of work to do this evening.
Loads of is also common.
اكداس، كثير من…

Load noun
1 something (heavy) that is being or is going to be carried
حِمْل ،عبء
2 (often in compounds) the quantity of sth that can be carried
a lorry load of sand
حُمْولة
3 loads (of sth) [plural] (informal) a lot (of sth)
There are loads of things to do in London in the evenings.
كثير من (الأشياء) ،عدد كبير
a load of rubbish, garbage, etc. (informal) nonsense
كلام فارغ
attain /əˈteɪn verb
to succeed in getting or achieving sth, especially after great effort
to attain a goal
ينال ،يحصُل على
attainable /‑əbl adj that can be attained
ممكن تحقيقه
attainment noun
1 the act of achieving sth
the attainment of the government's objectives
تحقيق ،إحراز
2 a skill or achievement
students with few academic attainments
إنجاز ؛مهارة ،موهبة